Oscillatory mechanisms supporting human cognition

• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Anais, Llorens; Lin, Jack J.; Chang, Edward F. & Brunner, Peter [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes. Robust model-based localization and deformable smooth brain-shift compensation methods. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. ISSN 0165-0270. 404. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110056.
• Asko, Olgerta; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Anais, Llorens & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex. eLIFE. ISSN 2050-084X. 13. doi: 10.7554/eLife.86386.
• Weber, Jan; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Anais, Llorens; Funderud, Ingrid & Leske, Sabine Liliana [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Ramping dynamics and theta oscillations reflect dissociable signatures during rule-guided human behavior. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44571-7.
• Fuhrer, Julian; Glette, Kyrre; Anais, Llorens; Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2023). Quantifying evoked responses through information-theoretical measures. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. ISSN 1662-5196. 17. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1128866. Full text in Research Archive
• Weber, Jan; Iwama, Gabriela; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Ivanovic, Jugoslav [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Subspace partitioning in the human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 120(28). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220523120. Full text in Research Archive
• Anais, Llorens; Bellier, Ludovic; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Lin, Jack J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Decision and response monitoring during working memory are sequentially represented in the human insula. iScience. ISSN 2589-0042. 26(10). doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107653. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnson, Elizabeth L.; Chang, William K.; Dewar, Callum D.; Sorensen, Donna; Lin, Jack J. & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Orbitofrontal cortex governs working memory for temporal order. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 32(9), p. R410¨CR411. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.074.
• Fuhrer, Julian; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Glette, Kyrre (2022). Complexity-based Encoded Information Quantification in Neurophysiological Recordings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). ISSN 2694-0604. p. 2319¨C2323. doi: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871501. Show summary

  Brain activity differs vastly between sleep, cognitive tasks, and action. Information theory is an appropriate concept to analytically quantify these brain states. Based on neurophysiological recordings, this concept can handle complex data sets, is free of any requirements about the data structure, and can infer the present underlying brain mechanisms. Specifically, by utilizing algorithmic information theory, it is possible to estimate the absolute information contained in brain responses. While current approaches that apply this theory to neurophysiological recordings can discriminate between different brain states, they are limited in directly quantifying the degree of similarity or encoded information between brain responses. Here, we propose a method grounded in algorithmic information theory that affords direct statements about responses' similarity by estimating the encoded information through a compression-based scheme. We validated this method by applying it to both synthetic and real neurophysiological data and compared its efficiency to the mutual information measure. This proposed procedure is especially suited for task paradigms contrasting different event types because it can precisely quantify the similarity of neuronal responses.

• Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Endestad, Tor & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin (2022). Attentional modulation of beta-power aligns with the timing of behaviorally relevant rhythmic sounds. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(5), p. 1876¨C1894. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac179.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, P?l Gunnar; Knight, Robert Thomas & Endestad, Tor (2022). Modeling intracranial electrodes. A simulation platform for the evaluation of localization algorithms. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. ISSN 1662-5196. 16, p. 1¨C20. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2022.788685. Full text in Research Archive
• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Lubell, James; Leske, Sabine; Funderud, Ingrid; Anais, Llorens & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Monitoring of self-paced action timing and sensory outcomes after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. ISSN 0898-929X. 33(9), p. 1956¨C1975. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01733.
• Liebrand, Matthias; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Funderud, Ingrid; Buades-Rotger, Maci¨¤; Knight, Robert Thomas & Kr?mer, Ulrike M (2021). Intact Proactive Motor Inhibition after Unilateral Prefrontal Cortex or Basal Ganglia Lesions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. ISSN 0898-929X. 33(9), p. 1862¨C1879. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01691.
• Buades-Rotger, Maci¨¤; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Liebrand, Matthias; Endestad, Tor; Funderud, Ingrid & Siegwardt, Paul [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Patients with ventromedial prefrontal lesions show an implicit approach bias to angry faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. ISSN 0898-929X. 33(6), p. 1069¨C1081. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01706.
• Katarina Slama, Slama; Jimenez, Richard; Saha, Sujayam; King-Stephens, David; Laxer, Kenneth D. & Weber, Peter B. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Intracranial recordings demonstrate both cortical and medial temporal lobe engagement in visual search in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. ISSN 0898-929X. 33(9), p. 1833¨C1861. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01739.
• Llorens, Ana?s; Funderud, Ingrid; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Lubell, James; Foldal, Maja Dyhre & Leske, Sabine Liliana [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Preservation of Interference Effects in Working Memory After Orbitofrontal Damage. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 13, p. 1¨C15. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00445. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in multiple cognitive processes, including inhibitory control, context memory, recency judgment, and choice behavior. Despite an emerging understanding of the role of OFC in memory and executive control, its necessity for core working memory (WM) operations remains undefined. Here, we assessed the impact of OFC damage on interference effects in WM using a Recent Probes task based on the Sternberg item-recognition task (1966). Subjects were asked to memorize a set of letters and then indicate whether a probe letter was presented in a particular set. Four conditions were created according to the forthcoming response ("yes"/"no") and the recency of the probe (presented in the previous trial set or not). We compared behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) responses between healthy subjects (n = 14) and patients with bilateral OFC damage (n = 14). Both groups had the same recency pattern of slower reaction time (RT) when the probe was presented in the previous trial but not in the current one, reflecting the proactive interference (PI). The within-group electrophysiological results showed no condition difference during letter encoding and maintenance. In contrast, event-related potentials (ERPs) to probes showed distinct within-group condition effects, and condition by group effects. The response and recency effects for controls occurred within the same time window (300-500 ms after probe onset) and were observed in two distinct spatial groups including right centro-posterior and left frontal electrodes. Both clusters showed ERP differences elicited by the response effect, and one cluster was also sensitive to the recency manipulation. Condition differences for the OFC group involved two different clusters, encompassing only left hemisphere electrodes and occurring during two consecutive time windows (345-463 ms and 565-710 ms). Both clusters were sensitive to the response effect, but no recency effect was found despite the behavioral recency effect. Although the groups had different electrophysiological responses, the maintenance of letters in WM, the evaluation of the context of the probe, and the decision to accept or reject a probed letter were preserved in OFC patients. The results suggest that neural reorganization may contribute to intact recency judgment and response after OFC damage.

• Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Ana?s; Knight, Robert T.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Endestad, Tor (2020). The brain tracks auditory rhythm predictability independent of selective attention. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10, p. 1¨C13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64758-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The brain responds to violations of expected rhythms, due to extraction- and prediction of the temporal structure in auditory input. Yet, it is unknown how probability of rhythm violations affects the overall rhythm predictability. Another unresolved question is whether predictive processes are independent of attention processes. In this study, EEG was recorded while subjects listened to rhythmic sequences. Predictability was manipulated by changing the stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA deviants) for given tones in the rhythm. When SOA deviants were inserted rarely, predictability remained high, whereas predictability was lower with more frequent SOA deviants. Dichotic tone-presentation allowed for independent manipulation of attention, as specific tones of the rhythm were presented to separate ears. Attention was manipulated by instructing subjects to attend to tones in one ear only, while keeping the rhythmic structure of tones constant. The analyses of event-related potentials revealed an attenuated N1 for tones when rhythm predictability was high, while the N1 was enhanced by attention to tones. Bayesian statistics revealed no interaction between predictability and attention. A right-lateralization of attention effects, but not predictability effects, suggested potentially different cortical processes. This is the first study to show that probability of rhythm violation influences rhythm predictability, independent of attention.

• Kam, Julia W.Y.; Helfrich, Randolph H.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Lin, Jack J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Top-Down Attentional Modulation in Human Frontal Cortex: Differential Engagement during External and Internal Attention. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 31(2), p. 873¨C883. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa262. Show summary

  Decades of electrophysiological research on top-down control converge on the role of the lateral frontal cortex in facilitating attention to behaviorally relevant external inputs. However, the involvement of frontal cortex in the top-down control of attention directed to the external versus internal environment remains poorly understood. To address this, we recorded intracranial electrocorticography while subjects directed their attention externally to tones and responded to infrequent target tones, or internally to their own thoughts while ignoring the tones. Our analyses focused on frontal and temporal cortices. We first computed the target effect, as indexed by the difference in high frequency activity (70-150 Hz) between target and standard tones. Importantly, we then compared the target effect between external and internal attention, reflecting a top-down attentional effect elicited by task demands, in each region of interest. Both frontal and temporal cortices showed target effects during external and internal attention, suggesting this effect is present irrespective of attention states. However, only the frontal cortex showed an enhanced target effect during external relative to internal attention. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence for top-down attentional modulation in the lateral frontal cortex, revealing preferential engagement with external attention.

• Sadaghiani, Sepideh; Dombert, Pascasie L.; L?vstad, Marianne; Funderud, Ingrid; Meling, Torstein Ragnar & Endestad, Tor [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Lesions to the fronto-parietal network impact alpha-band phase synchrony and cognitive control. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 29(10), p. 4143¨C4153. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhy296.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Collavini, Santiago; Lubell, James; Anais, Llorens; Funderud, Ingrid & Ivanovic, Jugoslav [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study. Cortex. ISSN 0010-9452. 121, p. 189¨C200. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnson, Elizabeth L.; Adams, Jenna N.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Ivanovic, Jugoslav [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Dynamic frontotemporal systems process space and time in working memory. PLoS Biology. ISSN 1544-9173. 16(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004274. Full text in Research Archive
• Kam, Julia W.Y.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Meling, Torstein Ragnar & Knight, Robert Thomas (2018). Lateral prefrontal cortex lesion impairs regulation of internally and externally directed attention. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 175(15), p. 91¨C99. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.063.
• Johnson, Elizabeth L.; Dewar, Callum; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Meling, Torstein Ragnar & Knight, Robert T (2017). Bidirectional Frontoparietal Oscillatory Systems Support Working Memory. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 27(12), p. 1829¨C1835. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.046. Full text in Research Archive
• Perry, Anat; Saunders, Samantha N.; Stiso, Jennifer; Dewar, Callum; Lubell, James & Meling, Torstein Ragnar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Effects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotion understanding: EEG and behavioural evidence. Brain. ISSN 0006-8950. 140(4), p. 1086¨C1099. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx031.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Phillips, Holly N.; Princich, Juan Pablo; Rowe, James B.; Bekinschtein, Tristan & Muravchik, Carlos [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). iElectrodes: a comprehensive open-source toolbox for depth and subdural grid electrode localization. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. ISSN 1662-5196. 11:14, p. 1¨C16. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00014. Full text in Research Archive
• Helfrich, Randolph Fredrik; Huang, Melody; Wilson, Guy & Knight, Robert T. (2017). Prefrontal cortex modulates posterior alpha oscillations during top-down guided visual perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 114(35), p. 9457¨C9462. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1705965114.
• Helfrich, Randolph Fredrik & Knight, Robert T. (2016). Oscillatory dynamics of prefrontal cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. ISSN 1364-6613. 20(12), p. 916¨C930. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.09.007.

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• Asko, Olgerta; Volehaugen, Vegard Akselsson; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Funderud, Ingrid; Llorens, Ana?s & Ivanovic, Jugoslav [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Predictive encoding of deviant tone sequences in the human prefrontal cortex.
• Volehaugen, Vegard Akselsson; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Funderud, Ingerid; Rezende Carvalho, Vinicius; Endestad, Tor & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Unheard Surprises: Attention-Dependent Neocortical Dynamics Following Unexpected Omissions Revealed by Intracranial EEG.
• Asko, Olgerta; Volehaugen, Vegard Akselsson; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Funderud, Ingrid; Anais, Llorens & Ivanovic, Jugoslav [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Predictive encoding of deviant tone sequences in the human prefrontal cortex. Show summary

  The ability to use predictive information to guide perception and action relies heavily on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), yet the involvement of its subregions in predictive processes remains unclear. Recent perspectives propose that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) generates predictions about perceptual events, actions, and their outcomes while the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is involved in prospective functions, which support predictive processes, such as selective attention, working memory, response preparation or inhibition. To further delineate the roles of these PFC areas in predictive processing, we investigated whether lesions would impair the ability to build predictions of future events and detect deviations from expected regularities. We used an auditory deviance detection task, in which the structural regularities of played tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) and global (i.e., between sequences) level. We have recently shown that OFC lesions affect detecting prediction violations at two hierarchical levels of rule abstraction, i.e., altered MMN and P3a to local and simultaneous local + global prediction violations (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.86386). Now, we focus on the task's predictive aspect and present the latest results showing the involvement of PFC subregions in anticipation of deviances informed by implicit predictive information. Behavioral data shows that deviance expectancy induced faster deviance detection in healthy adults (n=22), suggesting that participants track a state space representation of the task and anticipate upcoming deviant sequences. The analysis of EEG data from patients with focal lesions to the OFC (n = 12) or LPFC (n = 10), and SEEG from the same areas in patients with epilepsy (n = 7), revealed interesting differences. Healthy adults (n = 15) showed modulations of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) ¨C a marker of anticipatory activity - tracking the expectancy of deviant tone sequences. However, patients with OFC lesions lacked CNV sensitivity to the predictive context, while patients with LPFC lesions showed moderate sensitivity compared to healthy adults. These results were further supported by intracranial recordings, which revealed expectancy modulation of the high-frequency broadband signal from electrodes in OFC and LPFC, with an earlier latency of activity modulation for the OFC and a later one for the LPFC. Altogether, the complementary approach from behavioral, intracerebral EEG, scalp EEG, and causal lesion data provides compelling evidence for the distinct engagement of the two prefrontal areas in predicting future events and signaling deviations.

• Rezende Carvalho, Vinicius; Collavini, Santiago; Kochen, Silvia; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2024). Single-neuron responses to a multifeature oddball paradigm.
• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Hope, Mikael; Solli, Sandra; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Foldal, Maja Dyhre & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2024). Research seminar .
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2024). Electrophysiological correlates of auditory regularity expectations and violations at short and long temporal scales: Studies in intracranial EEG and prefrontal cortex lesion patients.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Anais; Lin, Jack J.; Chang, Edward & Brunner, Peter [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). Anatomical registration of intracranial electrodes.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Volehaugen, Vegard Akselsson; Rezende Carvalho, Vinicius; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Anais & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). An intracranial EEG study on auditory deviance detection.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2024). The role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in building predictions and detecting violations.
• Rezende Carvalho, Vinicius; Collavini, Santiago; Kochen, Silvia; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2024). Human single-neuron responses to a local-global oddball paradigm.
• Asko, Olgerta; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Meling, Torstein Ragnar; Knight, Robert T. & Endestad, Tor [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has a critical role in the generation of high-level expectations.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Ana?s; Funderud, Ingrid & Larsson, P?l Gunnar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Temporal and precentral brain activity in automatic auditory deviance detection. Evidence from human intracranial EEG recordings.
• Volehaugen, Vegard; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Funderud, Ingrid; Llorens, Ana?s; Carvalho, Vinicius Rezende & Endestad, Tor [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Echoes of the unheard: An intracranial electrophysiology study of expectation and attention in auditory omission processing.
• Rezende Carvalho, Vinicius; Collavini, Santiago; Kochen, Silvia; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2023). Single-neuron responses to a multifeature oddball paradigm.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Endestad, Tor; Volehaugen, Vegard; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Predicting the Beat Bin ¨C Beta Oscillations Support Top-Down Prediction of The Temporal Precision of a Beat .
• Asko, Olgerta; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Meling, Torstein Ragnar; Knight, Robert T. & Endestad, Tor [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Orbitofrontal lesion impacts formation of auditory expectations. Show summary

  Current findings of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function suggest that this region might have a role in the generation of prediction error signals associated with top-down expectation of upcoming stimuli. We investigated the impact of lesions to the OFC on the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), an electrophysiological marker of cognitive expectation and time perception. Twelve OFC patients and fifteen healthy controls performed an auditory local-global paradigm while brain electrical activity was recorded. The structural regularities of the tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) level with a short timescale and at a global (i.e., between sequences) level with a longer timescale. At the global level, deviant tone sequences were interspersed among standard tone sequences in a pseudorandom order, rendering some deviant sequences more anticipated than others. We found that healthy controls exhibited CNV build-up before the occurrence of deviant sequences. The CNV drift rate was modulated by the expectancy of deviant sequences (i.e., the higher the expectancy, the higher the CNV drift rate), reflecting their ability to anticipate when a deviant tone sequence would occur. However, patients with OFC lesions did not show CNV drift modulations by the expectancy of the deviant tone sequences, indicating impaired anticipation of these upcoming events. These findings suggest involvement of the OFC in generating auditory expectations based on the contextual and temporal structure of the task.

• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Leske, Sabine Liliana & Endestad, Tor (2023). Orbitofrontal lesion impacts formation of auditory expectations.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Fuhrer, Julian; Glette, Kyrre; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Bekinschtein, Tristan [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli.
• Fuhrer, Julian; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Glette, Kyrre (2022). Complexity-Based Encoded Information Quantification in Neurophysiological Recordings.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Ana?s; Funderud, Ingrid & Collavini, Santiago [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Human brain network involved in auditory deviance detection. An intracranial EEG study.
• Asko, Olgerta; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Llorens, Ana?s & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex. Show summary

  In this study, we tested the causal involvement of the OFC in noticing breaches of predictions (i.e., PEs) at different hierarchical levels of task structural complexity. With this aim, we examined the event-related potentials (ERPs) of patients with focal OFC lesions and healthy adults while performing an auditory local-global oddball paradigm. Altogether, we found that after OFC damage, low-level PEs (i.e., processing of stimuli that are unpredicted at the local level) and combined low- and high-level PEs (i.e., processing of stimuli that are unpredicted at both the local and global level) were impacted. However, the processing of standard tones was not affected. We conclude that the OFC may contribute to a top-down process that modulates the deviance detection system in the primary auditory cortices, and may be involved in connecting PEs at lower hierarchical areas with predictions at higher areas. The study sheds new light on the poorly explored deficits of hierarchical auditory prediction in patients with damaged OFC.

• Volehaugen, Vegard; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2022). Violation of rule-based auditory patterns is detected independently of attention.
• Fuhrer, Julian; Glette, Kyrre; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, P?l Gunnar; Bekinschtein, Tristan & Kochen, Silvia [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Inter-Trial Coherence (ITC). Show summary

  An introduction to the inter-trial coherence measure (ITC) and how it is applied to EEG data (with example code/scripts in MATLAB). Furthermore caveats of the measure are discussed along with it's relation to phase opposition measures.

• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Phase Amplitude Coupling (PAC). Show summary

  An introduction to the Phase Amplitude Coupling (PAC) measure and how it is applied to EEG data (example code in MATLAB). The caveats of the measure are covered and which sanity checks might be necessary.

• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Fourier Transform. Show summary

  An introduction to the Fourier transform and how it is applied to EEG data. The short time fourier transform (STFT) and different measures (phase and amplitude) derived from it are explained.

• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor & Knight, Robert Thomas (2022). Oslo - Berkeley collaboration in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2022). Auditory deviance detection in the human insula. Evidence from intracranial EEG recordings.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2021). Electrode localization in intracranial EEG. From simulations to novel electrode localization and brain-shift correction algorithms. .
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2021). Some advances in neuroscience using intracranial EEG recordings.
• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Lubell, James Isaac; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Anais & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Auditory prediction and prediction error in self-generated tones.
• Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, P?l Gunnar; Knight, Robert T. & Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2019). A robust intracranial electrode localization algorithm. Show summary

  The accurate localization of electrodes in relationship to the brain¡¯s anatomy is the foundation of the spatial resolution of intracranial EEG recordings. However, in ¡°difficult cases¡° the localization needs to be done manually since automatic methods fails, e.g high density arrays up to 3 mm inter-electrode distance, overlapping electrodes, low resolution CT images, or connection cables ovelaying grids. Here, we present a new automatic method that models a flexible array of electrodes and fits it to the artifacts observed in post implantation CT images. We evaluated data from 18 adult patients with drug resistant epilepsy implanted with depth electrodes and/or subdural grids (18 patients, 3261 electrodes). The automatic method was contrasted against manual localization. The main processing steps (Fig. 1 A) were: Thresholding and selection of a cloud of CT voxels containing the electrode artifacts Assembling a model of the grid (depth) array of electrodes Fitting the model to a smooth surface (line) approximation of CT artifacts Fitting the model to the cloud of voxels by minimizing the energy function E = -Ec + Et + Ed Ec was the gaussian weighted spatial correlation between the electrodes and the cloud of voxels. Et penalized the translation of electrodes, and Ed the deformation of a spring grid connecting the electrodes. Automatic localization resulted to be more precise than manual selection, observed as a significant reduction of the inter-electrode distance variance (Fig. 1 B). We provide a robust method for intracranial electrode localization that is applicable to ¡°difficult cases¡± were previous automatic methods fail (Fig. 1 C). The method was implemented in the open-source iElectrodes toolbox and is available to the research community (Blenkmann et al., 2017).

• Spiech, Connor (2019). Predicting the Groove: A Combined EEG-Pupillometry Study.
• Spiech, Connor (2019). Predicting the Groove: A Combined EEG-Pupillometry Study.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Lubell, James; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Ana?s; Funderud, Ingrid & Foldal, Maja Dyhre [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Action-based auditory predictions. Show summary

  Sensory consequences of actions are predicted by the brain via an internal forward model to prepare sensory cortical areas, referred to as motor prediction. In a similar vein, the predictive coding framework suggests that perception is based on internal models making predictions about sensory events, based on statistical probabilities of the stimuli. In the current study we investigated action-based sensory predictions. We used a self-paced, two-choice random generation task, infrequently inducing deviant outcomes of voluntary action. Participants repeatedly pressed a right and a left button normatively associated with a 70 ms long 1 kHz and 2 kHz tone, respectively. Occasional deviants occurred, inverting the learned button-tone association. Participants were instructed that their button presses should be random, at a regular but self-paced tempo of one press per 1-2 s, and that they should press both buttons with equal probability. They were informed that the tones are task-irrelevant. We used intracranial EEG (iEEG) data recorded from 10 adult patients with electrodes localized in frontal and temporal lobes. The patients had drug resistant epilepsy and were undergoing presurgical monitoring via implanted stereotactic electrodes. Electrode coordinates and anatomical labels were obtained from coregistered MRI and CT images using iElectrodes toolbox. Initial results indicate that violations of action intentions modulated high frequency band activity (HFA, 75-145 Hz) in distributed brain regions including temporal and prefrontal cortices.

• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Lubell, James Isaac; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Ana?s; Funderud, Ingrid & Foldal, Maja Dyhre [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Auditory prediction and prediction error in self-generated tones.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Lubell, James; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Ana?s & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Human brain network involved in auditory deviance detection: Evidence from intracranial EEG recordings.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2019). Auditory deviance detection network in the human brain.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Lubell, James; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Llorens, Ana?s & Funderud, Ingrid [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Human brain network involved in auditory deviance detection: Evidence from intracranial EEG recordings. Show summary

  The neural network underlying human auditory deviance detection is not fully understood. To address this, we recorded intracranial EEG from 22 adult patients with drug resistant epilepsy undergoing presurgical monitoring who had depth electrodes implanted in all brain lobes (1193 channels in total). Patients passively heard a stream of bilaterally presented tones while reading. We used the Optimum-1 paradigm, that consisted of 300 standard tones interleaved with 300 randomly presented deviant tones per block. Patients completed between 3 to 10 blocks. Deviant tones differed from standards in: 1) intensity (louder or softer), 2) frequency (higher or lower), 3) sound source location (right or left), 4) a shorter duration, or 5) a silent gap in the middle of the tone (N??t?nen et al., 2004). Electrode coordinates were obtained from coregistered MRI and CT images using iElectrodes toolbox (Blenkmann et al., 2017). Channels were bipolar referenced and high frequency band activity (HFA) analytic amplitude signal was obtained using the Hilbert transform (75-145 Hz). Compared to the baseline period, significant HFA responses to tones in general were observed in 31% of the channels. We used an ANOVA to quantify the HFA response variance across trials that could be explained by the different factors of the stimuli: Intensity, Laterality, Frequency, Duration and Gap. We estimated the amount of explained variance by using ?2 (Siegel et al., 2015). Eighteen % of the channels showed a significant increase of the condition-specific explained variance. Some channels showed condition-specific activations to one particular deviant, while others showed activations to a combination of two or more deviants. The channels showing responses to tones in general and condition-specific effects were mostly observed bilaterally in temporal cortex. Frontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices were also involved to a lesser extent. Our results, in line with the predictive coding framework, reveal that a distributed brain network is involved in auditory processing and deviance detection.

• Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Ana?s; Knight, Robert Thomas; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Endestad, Tor (2019). The brain tracks global temporal regularity in auditory patterns.
• Westner, Britta; Andersen, Lau M?ller; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar & Leske, Sabine Liliana (2019). RITMO International EEG FieldTrip workshop, Lectures and Hands-on sessions .
• Funderud, Ingrid & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin (2019). Event Related Potentials and their functional relevance and Experimental design issues in ERP studies.
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar (2019). Origins of the EEG signal and Technical setup of EEG.
• Fuhrer, Julian; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; T?rresen, Jim; Endestad, Tor & Glette, Kyrre (2019). Making Sense of Randomness?
• Kam, Julia W.Y.; Lin, Jack J.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Larsson, P?l Gunnar & Knight, Robert T. (2018). Functional coupling between default network and fronto-parietal control network supports internally directed attention. .
• Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Lubell, James; Llorens, Anais; Funderud, Ingrid; Collavini, Santiago & Larsson, PG [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Human insula response to auditory deviants: Evidence from intracranial EEG recordings.
• Kam, Julia W.Y.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Funderud, Ingrid; Endestad, Tor; Meling, Torstein Ragnar & Knight, Robert Thomas (2018). Orbitofrontal damage reduces auditory sensory response in humans. Cortex. ISSN 0010-9452. 101, p. 309¨C312. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.023.
• Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor & Knight, Robert T. (2018). Neural oscillations and human behavior.
• Kam, J.W.Y.; Lin, J.J.; Endestad, Tor; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Larsson, P.G. & Griffin, S. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Contributions of medial prefrontal cortex to internally directed attention.
• Johnson, Elizabeth L.; Dewar, C.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Meling, Torstein Ragnar & Knight, Robert T. (2017). Causal evidence that bidirectional frontoparietal rhythms support working memory.
• Slama, S.J.K.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor; Larsson, P.G.; Lin, Jack J. & King-Stephens, D. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Intracranial recordings define a cortical-mesial temporal network in top-down and bottom-up attention.
• Johnson, Elizabeth L.; Adams, J.N.; Griffin, S.M.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Endestad, Tor & Larsson, P.G. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Dynamic frontotemporal systems for episodic working memory.

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