WEBVTT

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The columns of numbers,
they were actually

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expressing the size of the
pupil, moment-by-moment change.

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In fact, already in the 1960s
and 1970s, psychologists,

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they distinguished between
two fundamental aspects

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of attention.

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One is this whole
world of possibilities.

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Welcome to this online
course on pupillometry.

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I am Bruno Laeng.

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And I'm Alexander Jensenius
We are both professors

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at the University of Oslo.

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And we are standing here at
the RITMO Centre of Excellence.

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And the topic of this
course is pupillometry.

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And Bruno, why did you get
interested in measuring

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the size of the pupil?

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Well, it happened
about 22 years ago.

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I had bought my
first eye tracker.

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And I wasn't thinking at all
about the pupil of the eye.

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What I wanted to do was to
measure visual attention, where

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people are looking at, where
they're paying attention to.

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And it happened then, when I
started looking at the data,

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you have all these
numbers, samples,

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moment-by-moment recording.

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But there were also lines
of numbers expressing

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the diameter of the pupil.

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So I started wondering.

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I became intrigued by that.

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And it turns out that
psychologists had already

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started in the
1960s and the 1970s

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to do pupillometry,
pupillometry.

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as a measurement of
mental activity of things

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like arousal,
mental effort, also

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emotional responses like
fear, surprise, or sensations

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like pain and pleasure.

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But then, pupillometry is
not the same as eye tracking.

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But you use eye trackers
to measure the pupil.

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Right.

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They are sort of complementary.

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There are two separate methods.

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You can think like that.

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But you use the same equipment.

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The reason is that in
order to track the eye,

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it's convenient to
track the pupil.

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And, therefore, the pupil
gets measured as well

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within the video system
or the eye tracker.

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But they are giving us rather
different types of information.

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So a way to frame
this is to distinguish

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between selective attention--
so what you're paying attention

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to --and intensive attention,
as the psychologist, Daniel

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Kahneman, put it.

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And that means how intensively
you are paying attention

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to something.

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And that's what
pupillometry does.

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So by using an eye
tracker you can actually

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monitor both types of
attention at the same time.

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And the interesting thing,
also, that eye trackers

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are now quite easily available.

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And they can be used both
within and outside of labs,

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as well, right?

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Yes, there are different types
of eye trackers, some that look

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a lot like a computer screen.

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There is a camera
attached to the screen.

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But there are also eye
trackers that look just

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like a pair of glasses.

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And people can wear them.

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And they can be used outside
or in natural situations,

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like us talking to each
other, for example.

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And I guess this
is what we're going

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to explore in this online
course and teach you more about,

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pupillometry as a method, right?

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Yes, this is an online
course on pupillometry.

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So, welcome.

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[AUDIO LOGO]

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