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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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Hi, Agatha.

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Hi.

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So yeah, so far, we've
seen that pupillometry

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can be used to assess different
cognitive processes as,

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for example, attention,
effort, cognitive effort.

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But what about this unique
human capacity as a language?

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Yeah, so actually, we
can use pupillometry

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to measure how we
use and understand

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language, whether it's the
sounds of the language,

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so what we hear, or the
meaning of words and sentences

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or the structure of language,
so for example, the grammar.

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How interesting.

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So let's take one example.

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For instance, how
do we use pupil size

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to tell us anything
about word understanding,

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like for instance,
when we read text?

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Yeah, so for example, there was
this study that used so-called

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Stroop effect in language,
where people read colour words,

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for example, words
like "green" or "red,"

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shown in different ink colours
or in different font colours.

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Yeah, so do you mean
that on some trials,

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sometimes participants will
see the word "green" written

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in green ink, and
on other trials,

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they would see the word
"green" in red ink.

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Yes, precisely.

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And what does it tell us?

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Well, so this is the
thing, when these words,

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the meaning of the word and
the colour of the word were

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in conflict, then we
could actually see pupils,

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eye pupils dilate more
compared to when the words were

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matching, so the meaning of the
word was matching the colour

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of the word.

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I see.

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So does it mean that the
meaning of the word is accessed

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immediately upon
seeing the word,

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and so when there is this
conflict, as you said,

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between the meaning of
the word and the colour,

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then it takes some effort
to suppress the meaning?

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Exactly.

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And that larger pupillary
response, this larger pupillary

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dilation, shows that
there is more effort.

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But then, we can also
use pupillometry not only

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to measure how we process
the meaning of words

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but also actually whole
sentences, and really, both

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in our native
language and nonnative

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language, foreign language.

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How cool is that?

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So did you mean
that, for instance,

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now while I'm speaking
my nonnative language,

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you can look into my
eye and just measure

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that and see that English
is not my native language?

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Is it that?

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Well, maybe not that
easily but sort of.

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So there are
studies, for example,

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on simultaneous
interpreting, so it's

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this live translation from one
language to the other, where

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that showed that pupils dilate
more when you're translating

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more difficult words, so when
words that you're translating

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are more difficult to
translate compared to when

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words are easy to translate.

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Then the pupil does
not dilate as much.

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Also showing that there is
more effort in translating

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these more difficult words.

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This is so interesting.

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So we can use pupillometry to
assess how speakers process

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written language when
we read but also,

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how we process spoken language
in everyday interaction

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in everyday life.

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Yeah, absolutely.

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Great.

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