TIME - Musikk og mikrorytmikk

• Danielsen, Anne; Br?vig, Ragnhild; B?hler, Kjetil Klette; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Haugen, Mari Romarheim & Jacobsen, Eirik [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). There¡¯s More to Timing than Time: Investigating Musical Microrhythm Across Disciplines and Cultures. Music Perception. ISSN 0730-7829. 41(3), s. 176¨C198. doi: 10.1525/mp.2024.41.3.176. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The TIME project: Timing and Sound in Musical Microrhythm (2017¨C2022) studied microrhythm; that is, how dynamic envelope, timbre, and center frequency, as well as the microtiming of a variety of sounds, affect their perceived rhythmic properties. The project involved theoretical work regarding the basic aspects of microrhythm; experimental studies of microrhythm perception, exploring both stimulus features and the participants¡¯ enculturated expertise; observational studies of how musicians produce particular microrhythms; and ethnographic studies of musicians¡¯ descriptions of microrhythm. Collectively, we show that: (a) altering the microstructure of a sound (¡°what¡± the sound is) changes its perceived temporal location (¡°when¡± it occurs), (b) there are systematic effects of core acoustic factors (duration, attack) on microrhythmic perception, (c) microrhythmic features in longer and more complex sounds can give rise to different perceptions of the same sound, and (d) musicians are highly aware of microrhythms and have developed vocabularies for describing them. In addition, our results shed light on conflicting results regarding the effect of microtiming on the ¡°grooviness¡± of a rhythm. Our use of multiple, interdisciplinary methodologies enabled us to uncover the complexity of microrhythm perception and production in both laboratory and real-world musical contexts.

• Haugen, Mari Romarheim (2024). Musical Meter as Shape: An Embodied Perspective on Metrical Trajectories and Curves. I Jensenius, Alexander Refsum (Red.), Sonic Design: Explorations Between Art and Science. Springer Nature. ISSN 978-3-031-57892-2. s. 37¨C48. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57892-2_3. Vis sammendrag

  This edited volume is based on a selection of contributions at an international seminar organized in May 2022 to celebrate the achievements of Professor God?y upon his retirement from the University of Oslo. The 17 chapters cover different approaches to sonic design practice and theory, giving readers historical backdrops and an overview of the current state of both artistic and scientific research in the field.

• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2024). Rap as Composite Auditory Streams: Techniques and Approaches for Chimericity Through Layered Vocal Production in Hip-Hop, and their Aesthetic Implications. I Gull?, Jan-Olof; Hepworth-Sawyer, Russ; Paterson, Justin & Toulson, Rob (Red.), Innovation in Music: Cultures and Contexts. Routledge. ISSN 9781032611167.
• Danielsen, Anne; Johansson, Mats Sigvard & Stover, Chris (2023). Bins, Spans, Tolerance: Three Theories of Microtiming Behavior. Music Theory Spectrum. ISSN 0195-6167. 45(2). doi: 10.1093/mts/mtad005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Mari Romarheim; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Nymoen, Kristian & Danielsen, Anne (2023). Instructed timing and body posture in guitar and bass playing in groove performance. Musicae Scientiae. ISSN 1029-8649. doi: 10.1177/10298649231182039. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Danielsen, Anne (2023). Shaping the beat bin in computer-based grooves. I W?llner, Clemens & London, Justin (Red.), Performing Time. Synchrony and Temporal Flow in Music and Dance. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780192896254. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Mari Romarheim (2023). An embodied perspective on rhythm in music-dance genres. I W?llner, Clemens & London, Justin (Red.), Performing Time. Synchrony and Temporal Flow in Music and Dance. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780192896254.
• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Sioros, George; Nymoen, Kristian; Haugen, Mari Romarheim & Danielsen, Anne (2023). Sound-producing actions in guitar performance of groove-based microrhythm. Empirical Musicology Review. ISSN 1559-5749. 18(1), s. 21¨C36. doi: 10.18061/emr.v18i1.9124. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper reports on an experiment that investigated how guitarists signal the intended timing of a rhythmic event in a groove-based context via three different features related to sound-producing motions of impulsive chord strokes (striking velocity, movement duration and fretboard position). 21 expert electric guitarists were instructed to perform a simple rhythmic pattern in three different timing styles¡ª¡°laidback,¡± ¡°on-the-beat,¡± and ¡°pushed¡±¡ªin tandem with a metronome. Results revealed systematic differences across participants in the striking velocity and movement duration of chords in the different timing styles. In general, laid-back strokes were played with lower striking velocity and longer movement duration relative to on-the-beat and pushed strokes. No differences in the fretboard striking position were found (neither closer to the ¡°bridge¡± [bottom] or to the ¡°neck¡± [head]). Correlations with previously reported audio features of the guitar strokes were also investigated, where lower velocity and longer movement duration generally corresponded with longer acoustic attack duration (signal onset to offset).

• Danielsen, Anne; Johansson, Mats Sigvard; Br?vig, Ragnhild; Sandvik, Bj?rnar Ersland & B?hler, Kjetil Klette (2023). Shaping rhythm: timing and sound in five groove-based genres. Popular Music. ISSN 0261-1430. 39(1). doi: 10.1017/S0261143023000041. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Danielsen, Anne & Jacobsen, Eirik (2023). ¡°Hard¡± or ¡°Soft¡±: Shaping Microtiming through Sonic Features in Jazz-Related Groove Performance. Journal of Jazz Studies (JJS). ISSN 2158-1401. 14(2).
• Lartillot, Olivier; Johansson, Mats Sigvard; Elowsson, Anders; Monstad, Lars L?berg & Cyvin, Mattias Stor?s (2023). A Dataset of Norwegian Hardanger Fiddle Recordings with Precise Annotation of Note and Beat Onsets. Transactions of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval. ISSN 2514-3298. 6(1), s. 186¨C202. doi: 10.5334/TISMIR.139.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Rytmiske bumerke. I Diesen, Even Igland; Markussen, Bjarne & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (Red.), Flytsoner : Studiar i flow og rap-lyrikk. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 9788230403433. s. 33¨C72.
• Danielsen, Anne & Paulsrud, Thea S?rli (2022). ¡°Three and a Half Minutes of Attitude.¡± Vocal Delivery, Groove, and Production in Azealia Banks' ¡°212¡± (2014). I Moylan, William; Burns, Lori & Mike, Alleyne (Red.), Analyzing Recorded Music: Collected Perspectives on Popular Music Tracks (1st ed.). Routledge. ISSN 9781003089926. doi: 10.4324/9781003089926-21. Vis sammendrag

  ¡°212¡± is the first single from Azealia Banks¡¯ debut album Broke with Expensive Taste (2014), co-written and produced by the Dutch electro-house duo Lazy Jay who first released its beat under the title Float My Boat (2009). The aim of this chapter is to unpack the secrets to success of ¡°212¡± by focusing in particular on the track's groove, production, vocal delivery, and overall stylistic fusion of rap, reggaet¨®n, pop, and house. We argue that Banks¡¯ expressive range and seamless fusion of singing and rapping, her negotiations between confirming and protesting hip-hop norms, in combination with the style mix inherent in both Lazy Jay's original beat and her own rendition, were key to the track's success. An important aspect is the mix of musical forms typical of song and groove-directed repertoires, which allowed for many different interpretations and uses.

• Lartillot, Olivier; Elovsson, Anders; Johansson, Mats Sigvard; Thedens, Hans-Hinrich & Monstad, Lars Alfred L?berg (2022). Segmentation, Transcription, Analysis and Visualisation of the Norwegian Folk Music Archive. I Pugin, Laurent (Red.), DLfM '22: 9th International Conference on Digital Libraries for Musicology. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 978-1-4503-9668-4. s. 1¨C9. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1145/3543882.3543883. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We present an ongoing project dedicated to the transmutation of a collection of field recordings of Norwegian folk music established in the 1960s into an easily accessible online catalogue augmented with advanced music technology and computer musicology tools. We focus in particular on a major highlight of this collection: Hardanger fiddle music. The studied corpus was available as a series of 600 tape recordings, each tape containing up to 2 hours of recordings, associated with metadata indicating approximate positions of pieces of music. We first need to retrieve the individual recording associated with each tune, through the combination of an automated pre-segmentation based on sound classification and audio analysis, and a subsequent manual verification and fine-tuning of the temporal positions, using a home-made user interface. Note detection is carried out by a deep learning method. To adapt the model to Hardanger fiddle music, musicians were asked to record themselves and annotate all played note, using a dedicated interface. Data augmentation techniques have been designed to accelerate the process, in particular using alignment of varied performances of same tunes. The transcription also requires the reconstruction of the metrical structure, which is particularly challenging in this style of music. We have also collected ground-truth data, and are conceiving a computational model. The next step consists in carrying out detailed music analysis of the transcriptions, in order to reveal in particular intertextuality within the corpus. A last direction of research is aimed at designing tools to visualise each tune and the whole catalogue, both for musicologists and general public.

• Sioros, Georgios; Madison, Guy; Cocharro, Diogo; Danielsen, Anne & Gouyon, Fabien (2022). Syncopation and Groove in Polyphonic Music: Patterns Matter. Music Perception. ISSN 0730-7829. 39(5), s. 503¨C531. doi: 10.1525/mp.2022.39.5.503. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Music often evokes a regular beat and a pleasurable sensation of wanting to move to that beat called groove. Recent studies show that a rhythmic pattern¡¯s ability to evoke groove increases at moderate levels of syncopation, essentially, when some notes occur earlier than expected. We present two studies that investigate that effect of syncopation in more realistic polyphonic music examples. First, listeners rated their urge to move to music excerpts transcribed from funk and rock songs, and to algorithmically transformed versions of these excerpts: 1) with the original syncopation removed, and 2) with various levels of pseudorandom syncopation introduced. While the original excerpts were rated higher than the de-syncopated, the algorithmic syncopation was not as successful in evoking groove. Consequently, a moderate level of syncopation increases groove, but only for certain syncopation patterns. The second study provides detailed comparisons of the original and transformed rhythmic structures that revealed key differences between them in: 1) the distribution of syncopation across instruments and metrical positions, 2) the counter-meter figures formed by the syncopating notes, and 3) the number of pickup notes. On this basis, we form four concrete hypotheses about the function of syncopation in groove, to be tested in future experiments.

• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Sioros, George & Danielsen, Anne (2022). Mapping timing and intensity strategies in drum-kit performance of a simple back-beat pattern. Journal of New Music Research. ISSN 0929-8215. doi: 10.1080/09298215.2022.2150649. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this article, we explore the various ways in which drummers express a simple ¡®backbeat¡¯ pattern when asked to play with different timing styles (laid-back, on-beat, pushed) via manipulation of stroke onset and intensity features. Based on hierarchical clustering analyses and phylogenetic tree visualizations, we found three main strategies used to distinguish pushed/laid-back from on-the-beat performances: (1) strong ¡®general earliness/lateness¡¯ strategies, where most instruments are consistently played earlier/later in time relative to a metrical grid; (2) subtler ¡®early/late flam¡¯ strategies, where most instruments are played synchronously with the grid but at least one instrument is distinctively played as an early/late flam ; and (3) even subtler ¡®ambiguously early/late compound sound¡¯ strategies, where two instruments form a compound sound, but one is played synchronously with the grid, while the other is played early/late. The majority of drummers used additional consistent intensity strategies, the most common being greater hi-hat or snare intensity, which might enhance the effect of laidback and pushed rhythmic events. However, intensity was not used uniformly to exclusively distinguish laid-back/pushed from on-beat timing.

• Br?vig, Ragnhild; Sandvik, Bj?rnar Ersland & Aareskjold-Drecker, Jon Marius (2022). Influence du traitement de plage dynamique sur le rythme per?u dans l¡¯EDM. I Pierre, Couprie; Gohon, K¨¦vin & Parent, Emmanuel (Red.), La musique et la machine: Penser l'interaction dans les musiques ¨¦lectroniques. Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISSN 978-2-7535-8685-7. s. 187¨C206. Vis sammendrag

  La musique concr¨¨te, la musique ¨¦lectroacoustique, les musiques mixtes, le Live Electronics et ¨¤ leur suite les courants populaires de la disco, de la techno, du rap et de l¡¯EDM, d¨¦signent des styles musicaux qui ont radicalement chang¨¦ les mani¨¨res de faire et d¡¯¨¦couter la musique. En cr¨¦ant des situations nouvelles d¡¯interaction entre les musiciens, les publics et les innombrables machines qui peuplent leur univers, ces r¨¦pertoires ont modifi¨¦ en profondeur l¡¯ontologie et l¡¯esth¨¦tique du fait musical. Ce livre, qui rassemble des contributions de musicologues fran?ais et internationaux (USA, Norv¨¨ge, Australie, Royaume- Uni), propose ainsi une travers¨¦e des musiques ¨¦lectroniques savantes et populaires, de Luigi Nono ¨¤ David Guetta, de Philippe Manoury ¨¤ Brain Damage. Si la musique a pu un temps ¨ºtre pens¨¦e comme le produit de l¡¯activit¨¦ d¡¯un compositeur unique, la m¨¦diation de l¡¯¨¦lectronique remet en pleine lumi¨¨re la nature profond¨¦ment collaborative et interactive de tout fait musical. Telle est l¡¯hypoth¨¨se qui fonde l¡¯ambition th¨¦orique de cet ouvrage. Publi¨¦ avec le soutien de l¡¯UR APP de l¡¯universit¨¦ Rennes 2, de RASM-CHCSC de l¡¯universit¨¦ d¡¯?vry Val d¡¯Essonne et du RITMO de l¡¯universit¨¦ d¡¯Oslo.

• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Surrender to the Flow - Metre on Metre or Verse in Verses? Lineation through Rhyme in Rap Flows. I Syk?ri, Venla & Fabb, Nigel (Red.), Rhyme and Rhyming in Verbal Art, Language, and Song. Studia Fennica. ISSN 978-951-858-587-2. s. 229¨C245.
• Br?vig, Ragnhild (2022). "It ain't but one kind of Blues": Kid Koala's Bluesy Embrace of the Fragmented ("1 bit Blues," 2012). I Moylan, William; Burns, Lori & Mike, Alleyne (Red.), Analyzing Recorded Music: Collected Perspectives on Popular Music Tracks (1st ed.). Routledge. ISSN 9781003089926. s. 248¨C258. doi: https:/doi.org/10.4324/9781003089926. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter analyzes ¡°1 bit Blues¡± (12 bit Blues, 2012, Ninja Tune) by the Canadian turntablist and music producer Kid Koala (aka Eric San). Kid Koala is not a blues musician but is instead known for his eclectic selection of samples, his virtuosic turntable techniques, and his intriguingly playful music. 12 bit Blues was primarily created using the E-mu SP-1200 drum machine and sampler to manipulate and juxtapose samples from old blues records. The sonic result of that approach initiates a dialogue between two quite distinct aesthetic paradigms. The focus of this chapter, then, is on this particular dialogue, including the ways in which this track reimagines the blues by embracing the aesthetic potential of the temporally fragmented.

• Markussen, Bjarne; Diesen, Even Igland & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Introduksjon: Kva er rap og flow? I Diesen, Even Igland; Markussen, Bjarne & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (Red.), Flytsoner : Studiar i flow og rap-lyrikk. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 9788230403433. s. 9¨C31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Spiech, Connor; Sioros, Georgios; Endestad, Tor; Danielsen, Anne & Laeng, Bruno (2022). Pupil drift rate indexes groove ratings. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15763-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansson, Mats Sigvard (2022). Timing-Sound Interactions: Groove-Forming Elements in Traditional Scandinavian Fiddle Music. Puls - journal for ethnomusicology and ethnochoreology. ISSN 2002-2972. 7, s. 53¨C72.
• Danielsen, Anne (2021). Rhythm, time, and presence. I Doffman, Mark; Payne, Emily & Young, Toby (Red.), The Oxford Handbook of Time in Music. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780190947279. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190947279.013.8.

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• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Side Brok - H?ge Brelle ¨C NABOK017 (Norske Albumklassikere). Falck Forlag. ISBN 978-82-93976-17-2. 139 s.
• Diesen, Even Igland; Markussen, Bjarne & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Flytsoner : Studiar i flow og rap-lyrikk. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISBN 9788230403433. 393 s.
• Jensenius, Alexander Refsum (2022). Sound Actions: Conceptualizing Musical Instruments. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262544634. 304 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A techno-cognitive look at how new technologies are shaping the future of musicking. ¡°Musicking¡± encapsulates both the making of and perception of music, so it includes both active and passive forms of musical engagement. But at its core, it is a relationship between actions and sounds, between human bodies and musical instruments. Viewing musicking through this lens and drawing on music cognition and music technology, Sound Actions proposes a model for understanding differences between traditional acoustic ¡°sound makers¡± and new electro-acoustic ¡°music makers.¡± What is a musical instrument? How do new technologies change how we perform and perceive music? What happens when composers build instruments, performers write code, perceivers become producers, and instruments play themselves? The answers to these pivotal questions entail a meeting point between interactive music technology and embodied music cognition, what author Alexander Refsum Jensenius calls ¡°embodied music technology.¡± Moving between objective description and subjective narrative of his own musical experiences, Jensenius explores why music makes people move, how the human body can be used in musical interaction, and how new technologies allow for active musical experiences. The development of new music technologies, he demonstrates, has fundamentally changed how music is performed and perceived.

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• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2024). Vi skriv p? tog, og vi skriv p? tog - pitch.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2024). The Sound of the crew in rap: Rapping chimeras, illusory posses and other fantastical creatures summoned in the studio and cipher. .
• Danielsen, Anne (2024). There¡¯s more to timing than time: P-centers, beat bins and groove in musical microrhythm. Vis sammendrag

  How does the dynamic shape of a sound affect its perceived microtiming? In the TIME project, we studied basic aspects of musical microrhythm, exploring both stimulus features and the participants¡¯ enculturated expertise via perception experiments, observational studies of how musicians produce particular microrhythms, and ethnographic studies of musicians¡¯ descriptions of microrhythm. Collectively, we show that altering the microstructure of a sound (¡°what¡± the sound is) changes its perceived temporal location (¡°when¡± it occurs). Specifically, there are systematic effects of core acoustic factors (duration, attack) on perceived timing. Microrhythmic features in longer and more complex sounds can also give rise to different perceptions of the same sound. Our results shed light on conflicting results regarding the effect of microtiming on the ¡°grooviness¡± of a rhythm.

• Danielsen, Anne (2024). There¡¯s more to timing than time: shaping microrhythm in groove-based music.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2024). ¡°I¡¯m sorry y¡¯all, I often drift ¨C I¡¯m talking gift¡± Microrhythmic analysis of rap ¨C categorization, malleability and structural bothness. .
• Jones, Andy; Br?vig, Ragnhild & Aareskjold-Drecker, Jon Marius (2023). Scientists explain why Seeb's remix of I Took A Pill In Ibiza has racked up 1.7 billion Spotify streams: it's all down to "micro-rhythmic nuances", hard work... and playing left-handed. [Internett]. MusicRadar.com .
• Roberts, Rachel; Br?vig, Ragnhild & Aareskjold-Drecker, Jon Marius (2023). Scientific research uncovers why Seeb¡¯s I Took A Pill In Ibiza remix is hugely popular. [Internett]. MusicTech.com.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). Sounding Same/Sounding Other: Creative, practical and aesthetic aspects of ad libs and ¡®backtracks¡¯ in rap .
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). Flow, layering and rupture in composite auditory streams.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). A Norwegian emcee/scholar ¨C Theorizing rap flow from the outside and inside .
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). On Analysing Hip-Hop/Rap : Doing Hip-Hop Scholarship in a hip-hop way .
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). Weak Alternatives ¡­and their presence making shit dope.
• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Danielsen, Anne & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). Funky rhythms ¨C broken beats!?Kulturelle og estetiske perspektiver p? groove-basert musikk.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). Project: Chimera Postdoctoral project ¨C overview, examples, loose thoughts. HHRIG meeting presentation .
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). 'Them bars really ain't hittin' like a play fight' : Analysing weak alternative lineations and ambiguous lineation in relation to metrical structure in rap flows. .
• Danielsen, Anne; Langer?d, Martin Torvik & London, Justin (2023). Where is the beat in that complex note? Effect of Instrument Asynchrony on the Perceived Timing of Compound Musical Sounds.
• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Spiech, Connor & Danielsen, Anne (2023). To asynchrony and beyond: In search of more ecological perceptual heuristics for microrhythmic structures in groove-based music. Vis sammendrag

  There is currently a gap in rhythm and timing research regarding how we perceive complex acoustic stimuli in musical contexts. Many studies have investigated timing acuity in non-musical contexts involving simple rhythmic sequences comprised of clicks or sine waves. However, the extent to which these results transfer to our perception of microrhythmic nuances in multilayered musical contexts rife with complex instrumental sounds remains poorly understood. In this talk we will present an overview of a planned series of just-noticeable difference (JND) experiments that will generate ecologically valid perceptual heuristics regarding timing discrimination thresholds. The aim is to investigate the extent to which microrhythmic timing and sonic nuances are perceived in groove-based music and connect these heuristics to the pleasurable urge to move in groove-based contexts, as well as acoustic (e.g., intensity, duration, frequency) and musical features (e.g., tempo, genre), and listener factors (e.g. musical training, stylistic familiarity). Overall, we expect timing thresholds to be higher for polyphonic/musical than for monotonic/non-musical stimuli/contexts and higher for pulse attribution (whether one can perceive a ¡°beat¡±; Madison & Merker 2002, Psychol Res) than for simple detection of asynchrony and anisochrony (whether one can perceive ¡°rhythmic irregularities¡±). Thresholds will likely be modulated by intensity (Goebl & Parncutt 2002, ICMPC7), tempo (Friberg & Sundberg 1995, J Acous Soc Am), instrumentation (Danielsen et al. 2019, J Exp Psychol), and genre/stylistic conventions (C?mara & Danielsen 2019, Oxford). Musically trained/stylistically familiar listeners may also display style-typical sensitivity to microrhythmic manipulations (Danielsen et al. 2021 Atten Percept Psychophys; Jakubowski et al. 2022; Cogn). In terms of subjective experience, we expect that onset asynchrony exaggerations will likely elicit lower pleasure and movement ratings compared to performances with idiomatic timing profiles (Senn et al. 2018, PLoS One). Higher ratings should also be biased in favor of familiar styles (Senn et al. 2021) and rhythmic patterns that do not engender excessive metrical ambiguity are likely to elicit higher ratings (Spiech et al. 2022, preprint; Witek et al. 2014, PLoS One).

• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Sioros, Georgios; Danielsen, Anne; Nymoen, Kristian & Haugen, Mari Romarheim (2023). Sound-producing actions in guitar performance of groove-based microrhythm. Vis sammendrag

  This study reports on an experiment that investigated how guitarists signal the intended timing of a rhythmic event in a groove-based context via three different features related to sound-producing motions of impulsive chord strokes (striking velocity, movement duration and fretboard position). 21 expert electric guitarists were instructed to perform a simple rhythmic pattern in three different timing styles¡ª¡°laidback,¡± ¡°on-the-beat,¡± and ¡°pushed¡±¡ªin tandem with a metronome. Results revealed systematic differences across participants in the striking velocity and movement duration of chords in the different timing styles. In general, laid-back strokes were played with lower striking velocity and longer movement duration relative to on-the-beat and pushed strokes. No differences in the fretboard striking position were found (neither closer to the ¡°bridge¡± [bottom] or to the ¡°neck¡± [head]). Correlations with previously reported audio features of the guitar strokes were also investigated, where lower velocity and longer movement duration generally corresponded with longer acoustic attack duration (signal onset to offset).

• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2023). En unders?kelse av flowen som kunstnerisk uttrykk (Tidens ?nd). [Internett]. Tidens ?nd.
• Danielsen, Anne (2023). Decolonizing groove (panel discussion).
• Danielsen, Anne (2023). Ain¡¯t that a groove! Musicological, philosophical and psychological perspectives on groove (keynote). Vis sammendrag

  The notion of groove is key to both musicians¡¯ and academics¡¯ discourses on musical rhythm. In this keynote, I will present groove¡¯s historical grounding in African American musical practices and explore its current implications by addressing three distinct understandings of groove: as pattern and performance; as pleasure and ¡°wanting to move¡±; and as a state of being. I will point out some musical features that seem to be shared among a wide range of groove-based styles, including syncopation and counterrhythm, swing and subdivision, and microrhythmic qualities. Ultimately, I will look at the ways in which the groove experience has been approached in different disciplines, drawing on examples from musicology / ethnomusicology, philosophy, psychology and neuroscience.

• Danielsen, Anne & Aas, Endre Ugelstad (2023). Popen f?r pipestemme. [Avis]. Klassekampen.
• Danielsen, Anne (2023). Panelsamtale om flow i rap.
• Danielsen, Anne; Br?vig, Ragnhild; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Haugen, Mari Romarheim; Johansson, Mats Sigvard & London, Justin (2023). There¡¯s more to timing than time: Investigating sound¨Ctiming interaction across disciplines and cultures .
• Lartillot, Olivier; Thedens, Hans-Hinrich; Mjelva, Olav Lukseng?rd; Elovsson, Anders; Monstad, Lars L?berg & Johansson, Mats Sigvard [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Norwegian Folk Music & Computational Analysis. Vis sammendrag

  As a pr¨¦lude for Norway's Constitution Day, this special event celebrated the Norwegian folk music tradition, showcasing our new online archive and demonstrating the richness of Hardanger fiddle music, with live performance. One aim of the project is to conceive new technologies allowing to better access, understand and appreciate Norwegian folk music. In this event, we introduced a new online version of the Norwegian Folk Music Archive and discuss underlying theoretical and technical challenges. A live concert/workshop, with the participation of Olav Lukseng?rd Mjelva, offered a lively introduction to Hardanger fiddle music and its elaborate rhythm. The interests and challenges of automated transcription and analysis were discussed, with the public release of our new software Annotemus. The symposium was organised in the context of the MIRAGE project (RITMO, in collaboration with the National Library of Norway's Digital Humanities Laboratory).

• Danielsen, Anne (2023). Beat bins, asynchronies and muddy sounds: Shaping micro-time in grooves. Vis sammendrag

  In musical genres such as neo-soul and hip-hop, beats often have a temporal shape that makes their placement in time difficult to locate relative to a single point in time. This is often due to ?muddy?, processed sounds or asynchronies between events at beat-related metric positions. The beat bin theory suggests that the perceptual counterpart to such beat asynchronies or muddy beat shapes in a sounding groove is an internal (perceptual) reference structure of beat bins of considerable ¡®width¡¯ and a distinctive ¡®shape¡¯. I will start by pre- senting the theory and then focus on how various acoustic factors influence the beat bin, using examples from computer-based musical grooves. Ultimately, I argue that micro-level perception of, and synchronization to, sound is opti- mized for the task at hand, in line with the flexibility and dynamic nature of the human apparatus in perceiving, predicting, and processing rhythm.

• Danielsen, Anne; Br?vig, Ragnhild; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Haugen, Mari Romarheim; Johansson, Mats Sigvard & London, Justin (2023). Microrhythm depends on sound qualities: Investigating sound¨Ctiming interaction across disciplines and cultures.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Endestad, Tor; Volehaugen, Vegard; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Predicting the Beat Bin ¨C Beta Oscillations Support Top-Down Prediction of The Temporal Precision of a Beat .
• Br?vig, Ragnhild (2023). Wakeful Sleep and Sleepy wakefulness in EDM.
• Br?vig, Ragnhild & Stevenson, Alex (2023). Machine Aesthetics: An Analytical Framework .
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Categorical perception and quantisation in hip-hop practice and discourse.
• Danielsen, Anne & Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). How the brain tracks the precision of a beat bin - musical, behavioral and neurophysiological perspectives. Vis sammendrag

  The internal beat or pulse in the listener is not a single point in time, but has a shape and a width and can be described via a probability distribution. This phenomenon has been conceptualized in the beat bin thoery (Danielsen 2010). The internal beat bin of the listener varies systematically with the precision needed in the given musical or sonic context. Anne and Sabine will present behavioral evidence for this phenomenon and a first attempt to reveal the underlying neural mechanism behind the flexible adaptation to the precision of the current beat bin context. They will present effects of acoustic factors on the perceptual center and the beat bin, as well as preliminary results on how neural oscillatory activity might represent a neural mechanism behind this phenomenon.

• Br?vig-Hanssen, Ragnhild; Johansson, Mats Sigvard; Sandvik, Bj?rnar; Jacobsen, Eirik; Aareskjold-Drecker, Jon Marius & Danielsen, Anne (2022). Musical rhythm. Qualitative investigations.
• Danielsen, Anne (2022). Microtiming and mental effort: Investigating onset asynchronies in musical rhythm.
• Danielsen, Anne; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Lartillot, Olivier; Leske, Sabine Liliana & Spiech, Connor (2022). Musical rhythm. Behavioural, computational and neurophysiological perspectives.
• Danielsen, Anne (2022). Rytme, groove og digitale signaturer.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Intervju om musikkrettigheiter - NRK Nyhetsmorgen. [TV]. NRK.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Rap as composite auditory streams: Techniques and approaches for chimericity through layered vocal production in hip-hop, and their aesthetic implications.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Forskar p? feite flows: Volding vert doktor i rap. [Avis]. M?re.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Dr.Kjell har disputert. [Avis]. M?re-Nytt.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Han var allereie Dr. Kjell. No har han disputert ¨°g. [Internett]. Khrono.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). On Being a White Norwegian Analysing Rap. Dansk Musikforskning Online. ISSN 1904-237X. DMO Special Issue 2022, s. 115¨C122.
• B?hler, Kjetil Klette (2022). Groove Politics: Pleasure and Participation in Cuban Dance Music. Vis sammendrag

  This paper develops the concept of groove politics to investigate how the rhythmic qualities of shared musical experiences influence participatory democracy. Groove Politics is grounded in an analysis of listening and draws on recent studies on how music grooves, creates pleasure, and produces affective communities. Groove Politics understands musical sounds as complex signs that operate thanks to an interplay between rhythm, melody, harmony, lyrics, and local cultural meanings in which political expressions gain affective force as they bring people together. I apply this lens to performances of the Cuban band Interactivo and their musical dialogues with political and cultural changes in Cuba over the last two decades. Interactivo has been among the most innovative, controversial, and popular bands in the country of late thanks to their unique mixture of timba, rumba, jazz, funk, trova, hip-hop and world music. The study illuminates how Interactivo¡¯s grooves both nurture and contest people¡¯s sense of revolutionary values thanks to particular organizations of musical sound. While existing scholarship on the politics of music elaborates upon the ways in which music is ¡°articulated,¡± ¡°mediated,¡± or ¡°embedded¡± in larger political contexts and discourses, few studies have shown how music shapes political experience. Groove Politics fills this lacuna by taking seriously music¡¯s ability to move us and create affective communities of political expression. The paper questions the established truism within popular music studies that the political meaning of music cannot be found in ¡°the music itself¡±. Instead, Groove Politics takes its cue from John Street¡¯s remark that what is lacking in existing scholarship is a ¡°musical theory of politics [that takes seriously] the political possibilities inherent in pleasure¡±. Conceptually, Groove Politics builds on arguments within political theory by Arendt and Ranci¨¨re that underscore the importance of aesthetics in politics coupled with research on how music grooves. It uses this frame to study how grooves redefine community and political discourse. The paper adds to existing musicological scholarship on popular music by drawing attention to how music moves us politically and aesthetically, coupled with analysis of the artistic and ethical judgements that give rise to and result from such practices.

• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). KARPE KARPE KARPE - Aftenposten Forklart. [Internett]. Aftenposten Forklart Podcast.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Rap music¡¯s black cultural heritage: How does ¡°pushing the limits¡± of dopeness relate to hip hop values of excellence and/as badness?
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Public defense: Kjell Andreas Oddekalv.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Intervju om rap flows - Studio 2, NRK P2. [Radio]. NRK P2.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Hva gir hiphop flow? En norsk forsker mener han har funnet svaret. [Avis]. Morgenbladet.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas; Gudnason, Runar & Opsvik, Olav (2022). H?ge Brelle ¨C Runar Gudnason, Kjell Andreas Oddekalv og louilexus.
• Danielsen, Anne & Kristensen, Regine Lund (2022). Det rykker litt ekstra i dansefoten n?r dette skjer. [Internett]. ung.forskning.no.
• Danielsen, Anne (2022). Rhythm, Time, and Presence.
• Spiech, Connor; Hope, Mikael; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Sioros, Georgios; Endestad, Tor & Laeng, Bruno [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). PredicTAPbility: Sensorimotor Synchronization Increases Groove.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Inter-Trial Coherence (ITC). Vis sammendrag

  An introduction to the inter-trial coherence measure (ITC) and how it is applied to EEG data (with example code/scripts in MATLAB). Furthermore caveats of the measure are discussed along with it's relation to phase opposition measures.

• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Phase Amplitude Coupling (PAC). Vis sammendrag

  An introduction to the Phase Amplitude Coupling (PAC) measure and how it is applied to EEG data (example code in MATLAB). The caveats of the measure are covered and which sanity checks might be necessary.

• Leske, Sabine Liliana (2022). Fourier Transform. Vis sammendrag

  An introduction to the Fourier transform and how it is applied to EEG data. The short time fourier transform (STFT) and different measures (phase and amplitude) derived from it are explained.

• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). God kok med Side Brok p? St?dt. [Avis]. M?re-Nytt.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Sj?lvsagt m?tte vi f? til ei lansering i ?rsta! [Avis]. M?re-Nytt.
• Lartillot, Olivier; Elovsson, Anders; Johansson, Mats Sigvard; Thedens, Hans-Hinrich & Monstad, Lars Alfred L?berg (2022). Segmentation, Transcription, Analysis and Visualisation of the Norwegian Folk Music Archive. Vis sammendrag

  We present an ongoing project dedicated to the transmutation of a collection of field recordings of Norwegian folk music established in the 1960s into an easily accessible online catalogue augmented with advanced music technology and computer musicology tools. We focus in particular on a major highlight of this collection: Hardanger fiddle music. The studied corpus was available as a series of 600 tape recordings, each tape containing up to 2 hours of recordings, associated with metadata indicating approximate positions of pieces of music. We first need to retrieve the individual recording associated with each tune, through the combination of an automated pre-segmentation based on sound classification and audio analysis, and a subsequent manual verification and fine-tuning of the temporal positions, using a home-made user interface. Note detection is carried out by a deep learning method. To adapt the model to Hardanger fiddle music, musicians were asked to record themselves and annotate all played note, using a dedicated interface. Data augmentation techniques have been designed to accelerate the process, in particular using alignment of varied performances of same tunes. The transcription also requires the reconstruction of the metrical structure, which is particularly challenging in this style of music. We have also collected ground-truth data, and are conceiving a computational model. The next step consists in carrying out detailed music analysis of the transcriptions, in order to reveal in particular intertextuality within the corpus. A last direction of research is aimed at designing tools to visualise each tune and the whole catalogue, both for musicologists and general public.

• Sandvik, Bj?rnar Ersland (2022). Sample, Slice, Stretch! Four Innovative Moments in the History of Waveform Representation.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Skreiv bok om H?ge Brelle. [Avis]. M?re.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Neste Planet - how two artists stand firmly in two separate worlds simultaneously.
• Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). Side Brok var soundtracket til Kjell sin ungdom ¨C no har han skrive side bok. [Avis]. M?re-Nytt.
• Danielsen, Anne (2022). Bidrag til enquete om rock. I Karlsen, Ole & Markussen, Bjarne (Red.), Sanglyrikk. Teori - Metode - Sjangrer. Scandinavian Academic Press. ISSN 978-82-304-0342-6. Vis sammendrag

  Lyrikken er den mest popul?re og utbredte av alle diktarter ¨C vel ? merke sanglyrikken, den som fremf?res til musikk og formidles gjennom radio, grammofonplater, CD-er og str?mmetjenester. Den omgir oss til daglig og er samtidig den eldste formen for lyrikk vi kjenner til. I det gamle Hellas ble diktene fremsagt til lyrespill. Til tross for dette har sanglyrikken v?rt mindre utforsket enn skriftlyrikken, og det har skortet p? teoretiske og metodiske perspektiver. Det s?ker denne boka ? r?de bot p?. Her diskuteres f?rst de grunnleggende likheter og forskjeller mellom skrift- og sanglyrikk, mellom ?ye- og ?rekunst. Videre dr?ftes metodiske innfallsvinkler til studiet av sanglyrikk, med tanke p? samspillet mellom ord og musikk. Deretter gj?r boka rede for en rekke kjente sanglyriske sjangrer: ballader, skillingsviser, salmer, joik, viser, blues, rock, indie-folk og rap. Boka er den f?rste i sitt slag i Norge. Den er s?rlig rettet mot forskere og studenter i h?yere utdanning, og l?rere som vil arbeide med sanglyrikk i skoleverket. Men alle som interesserer seg for sanglyrikkens sjangrer, vil finne noe ? glede seg over her.

• Sandvik, Bj?rnar Ersland (2022). Lydens utseende: Fra usynlig til gjenkjennelig p? skjermer vi alle g?r rundt med. Musikkmagasinet Ballade. ISSN 0805-5041.
• Danielsen, Anne; Paulsrud, Thea S?rli & London, Justin (2022). Where is the beat in that (sung) note?
• C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt; Sioros, George & Danielsen, Anne (2021). Mapping timing and intensity strategies in drum-kit performance via hierarchical clustering and phylogenetic visualizations . Vis sammendrag

  Background and Aim: Findings from performance timing experiments have shown that drummers are able to systematically play stroke onsets significantly earlier and later than an instructed on-the-beat performance (C?mara et al., 2020; Danielsen et al., 2015), and purportedly able to further control the degree of onset asynchrony between the various constituent instruments of the drum-kit (C?mara and Danielsen, 2019). Previous investigations have focused on comparing average statistical trends of onset timing between timing styles across entire groups of drummers. In this study, we map performance strategies present at the individual participant level and categorize the different archetypical ways in which drummers express different timing styles. We focus on the onset asynchrony and intensity of strokes between drum-kit instruments, and in relation to a metrical grid, and hypothesize that drummers employ consistent strategies to achieve different desired timing styles, choosing different instruments (snare/kick/hi-hat) in the rhythmic pattern to generate in-sync, late, and early timing performances. Methods: In a previous experiment (C?mara et al., 2020), twenty-two drummers were instructed to play a basic ¡°back-beat¡± pattern along to a metronome and a pre-recorded instrumental track in three different timing conditions: laid-back, on-the-beat, and pushed. Here, we conduct a hierarchical cluster analysis of various onset and intensity features in this data set, combined with phylogenetic tree visualizations to provide an overview of the strategies used by the drummers to distinguish laid-back/pushed from on-the-beat performances. Furthermore, we encode the features of the onset or intensity clusters into microtiming archetypes that visually summarize the general characteristics of the drummers¡¯ strategy in each cluster. Results: Overall, three overarching onset strategies were used to distinguish pushed/laid-back from on-the-beat performances: (1) strong ¡°general earliness/lateness¡± strategies: most instruments are consistently played earlier/later in time relative to the grid; (2) subtler ¡°early/late flam¡± strategies: most instruments are played synchronously with the grid but at least one instrument is played distinctively early/late ; and (3) even subtler ¡°ambiguously early/late compound sound¡± strategies: two instruments are played synchronously in relation to each other as a compound sound, but one instrument is played synchronous with the grid and the other is played early/late. While no clear intensity manipulation patterns emerged to exclusively distinguish laid-back/pushed timing, they serve as a means of enhancing or diminishing the effect of intentionally produced asynchronies. Conclusion: Results indicate that performers utilize a range of inter-instrument onset timing and intensity relationships to express microrhythmic feel in groove performance, that is, different drummers use different means to achieve the same desired feel. Implications: The novel methods developed in this study may be applied to analysis of commercial recordings to provide insight into the idiomatic timing¨Csound strategies of influential performers and/or genres/styles more generally. References: C?mara, G. S., & Danielsen, A. (2019). Groove. In A. Rehding & S. Rings (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of critical concepts in music theory (pp. 271¨C294). Oxford University Press. C?mara, G. S., Nymoen, K., Lartillot, O., & Danielsen, A. (2020). Timing Is Everything . . . or Is It? Effects of Instructed Timing Style, Reference, and Pattern on Drum Kit Sound in Groove-Based Performance. Music Perception, 38(1), 1¨C26. Danielsen, A., Waadeland, C. H., Sundt, H. G., & Witek, M. A. G. (2015). Effects of instructed timing and tempo on snare drum sound in drum kit performance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 138(4), 2301¨C2316.

• Ganis, Francesco; Dahl, Sofia; C?mara, Guilherme Schmidt & Danielsen, Anne (2021). Beat precision and perceived danceability in drum grooves. Vis sammendrag

  Musicians can place the time-position of events with high precision and according to personal preference, genre and tempo [1]. For instance, the swing ratio is not kept constant, but it is systematically adapted to a global tempo [2]. In contemporary music, drummers can achieve a specific feel by manipulating the timing of rhythms in different ways and placing event onsets earlier or later compared to the time reference [1]. These small adjustments in time are also referred to as micro-timing variations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of micro-timing variations in live-played rhythms on the perceived danceability and timing precision. The stimuli were chosen from C?mara et al. [1] where drummers were playing two different patterns with different timing styles (laid-back, pushed, on-beat). Two drummers¡¯ performances were selected based on their reported average systematic timing. These 12 recordings were mixed with the instrumental backing track (bass and guitar) heard by the drummers to form the stimuli. Forty participants (M = 28.23 years, SD = 11.80), 28 males and 12 females, with varying musical background were recruited via social media (Facebook pages, groups and direct messages to chat groups). Participants were sent a link to the online listening test using Google Forms with modifications that presented the stimuli as embedded videos. Each video started with a prompt to wear headphones followed by 4 bars of groove for a total of 11 seconds (with a static image). For each page, the participant was presented with a reference track (on-beat timing) and a ¡°beat¡± track (laid-back or pushed timing) and asked to rate the perceived danceability from 1 (not danceable at all) to 5 (very danceable). Additionally, listeners were asked to compare the beat with the reference track and indicate whether this was pushed (ahead), laid-back (behind) or on-beat (synced with) the reference in terms of timing. Preliminary results indicate that micro-timing variations affect the perceived danceability. On-beat patterns were rated with the highest danceability, followed by laid-back and pushed styles. The drummer that obtained the highest danceability rating for the laid-back performance is also the one that was mainly recognized as on-beat performer. As expected, identification of timing (ahead, behind or on) proved to be difficult. Using the instrumental backing track as a time reference could possibly have made the task even harder for untrained listeners. Future research could address this by comparing danceability ratings for the grooves mixed with different backing tracks. References [1] G. S. C?mara, K. Nymoen, O. Lartillot, and A. Danielsen, ¡°Timing Is Everything¡­Or Is It? Effects of Instructed Timing Style, Reference, and Pattern on Drum Kit Sound in Groove-Based Performance,¡± Music Percept., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1¨C26, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1525/mp.2020.38.1.1. [2] H. Honing and W. B. de Haas, ¡°Swing Once More: Relating Timing and Tempo in Expert Jazz Drumming,¡± Music Percept., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 471¨C476, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.1525/mp.2008.25.5.471.

• Lartillot, Olivier & Johansson, Mats Sigvard (2021). Automated beat tracking of Norwegian Hardanger fiddle music. Vis sammendrag

  Norwegian Hardanger fiddle music is typically played by a solo fiddler, without rhythmic accompaniment except for the musician¡¯s discreet foot stomping. Some of its repertoire features an asymmetrical ternary meter, with an uneven proportion of durations between the three beats of each bar, and with varying degrees of fluctuation of those proportions throughout each piece. In addition, there is often no clear audible onset corresponding to the beat position. As a result, many listeners find it difficult to hear the beats without experience from playing or dancing, and the beat onsets cannot be properly tracked by state-of-the-art beat trackers. The aim of this study is to develop a computational model of beat tracking of Hardanger fiddle music. Due to the rhythmic irregularity of the music, computational approaches relying on the detection of regular periodicities cannot be used. The proposed strategy adopts a cognitive perspective, modeling processes that progressively infer beats while scanning the music sequence chronologically. To each successive note is associated a tentative metrical position, which is determined based on a set of rules, using various input data such as (1) the ratio of the inter-onset interval (IOI) from the previous beat onset to the current note onset and the preceding inter-beat-onset interval and (2) the ratio of the IOI from the bar onset to the current note onset and the preceding inter-bar-onset interval. Successive repetition of eighth notes (as well as of eighth-note triplets) induce specific states that also guide the subsequent extension of the sequence. Multiple beat tracking scenarios can coexist at particular moments in the tune for very short periods. In particular, the very first notes at the beginning of the tune may initially imply conflicting metrical structures and tempi. The conflicting parallel beat tracking scenarios are progressively extended note after note in parallel. A scenario ends whenever it reaches a dead-end situation where the music is in total contradiction. Multiple scenarios are fused when they are continued exactly the same way, and only the scenario deemed the most congruent is retained. One particularity of Hardanger fiddle music is that beat onsets are not precise points in time but rather diffuse temporal extension, closely related to the notion of beat bin (Danielsen, 2010). Sometimes, multiple successive notes can all be considered as possible onsets for a given beat (Johansson, 2010; Stover et al., 2021). This multiplicity of beat onsets has been integrated into the model. Most of the analysis can be carried out using solely note onset time as input data, although more challenging cases occasionally require taking into account note duration or higher structure such as motivic repetition. This indicates that a proper beat tracker needs to be integrated as a module within a comprehensive music analysis framework, with bidirectional dependencies with the other modules of the framework. The model has so far been tuned and tested on a couple of tunes only. Its application to the automated analysis of a larger corpus is under investigation. Danielsen, Anne (2010). ¡°Here, there, and everywhere. Three accounts of pulse in D'Angelo's 'Left and Right¡¯.¡± In A. Danielsen (Ed.), Musical Rhythm in the Age of Digital Reproduction. Farnham: Ashgate/Routledge, UK. Johansson, Mats (2010). ¡°The Concept of Rhythmic Tolerance ¨C Examining Flexible Grooves in Scandinavian Folk-fiddling.¡± In A. Danielsen (Ed.), Musical Rhythm in the Age of Digital Reproduction. Farnham: Ashgate/Routledge, UK. Stover, Chris; Danielsen, Anne & Johansson, Mats (2021). ¡°Bins, Spans, Tolerance: Three Theories of Microtiming Behavior.¡± [under review in Music Theory Spectrum].

• Danielsen, Anne (2021). Opening remarks, presentation of RITMO.
• Johansson, Mats Sigvard (2021). Representing meter in traditional fiddle music: Accounting for variability and ambiguities.
• Lartillot, Olivier & Johansson, Mats Sigvard (2021). Tracking beats in Hardanger fiddle tunes .
• S?rb?, Solveig Isis & Haugen, Mari Romarheim (2021). Om telespringar, samba, musikkforskning og l?tskriving. [Radio]. Solveigs Speisa Musikk, RadiOrakel.
• Sioros, George (2021). Groove, meter and syncopation: a cognitive perspective. .
• Danielsen, Anne; Stover, Chris & Oddekalv, Kjell Andreas (2022). What Makes the Shit Dope? The Techniques and Analysis of Rap Flows. Universitetet i Oslo.

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