John McMurry: Organic Chemistry. A Biological Approach, 2007. Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN:? 0-495-01525-3.
I tillegg til kapitlene i l?reboken som er angitt nedenfor, er laboratoriekurset pensum.
Kap. 3 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and their stereochemistry
- 3.1. Functional groups
- 3.2. Alkanes and alkane isomers
- 3.3. Alkyl groups
- 3.4. Naming alkanes
- 3.5. Properties of alkanes
- 3.6. Conformations of ethane
- 3.7. Conformations of other alkanes
Kap. 4 Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and their stereochemistry
- 4.1. Naming cycloalkanes
- 4.2. Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes
- 4.3. Stability of cycloalkanes: Ring strain
- 4.4. Conformations of cycloalkanes
- 4.5. Conformations of cyclohexane
- 4.6. Axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexane
- 4.7. Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexanes
- 4.8. Conformations of disubstituted cyclohexanes
- 4.9. Conformations of polycyclic molecules
Kap. 5 An Overview of Organic Reactions
- 5.1. Kinds of organic reactions
- 5.2. How organic reactions occur: Mechanisms
- 5.3. Radical reactions
- 5.4. Polar reactions
- 5.5. An example of a polar reaction: Addition of H2O to ethylene
- 5.6. Using curved arrows in polar reaction mechanisms
- 5.7. Describing a reaction: Equilibria, rates, and energy changes
- 5.8. Describing a reaction: Bond dissociation energies
- 5.9. Describing a reaction: Energy diagrams and transition states
- 5.10. Describing a reaction: Intermediates
Kap. 6 Alkenes and Alkynes
- 6.1. Calculating a degree of unsaturation
- 6.2. Naming alkenes and alkynes
- 6.3. Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes
- 6.4. Sequence rules: The E,Z designation
- 6.5. Stability of alkenes
- 6.6. Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
- 6.7. Orientation of electrophilic addition: Markovnikov’s Rule
- 6.8. Carbocation structure and stability
- 6.9. The Hammond Postulate
Kap. 7 Reactions of Alkenes
- 7.1. Preparation of alkenes: A preview of elimination reactions
- 7.2. Halogenation of alkenes
- 7.3. Halohydrins from alkenes
- 7.4. Hydration of alkenes
- 7.5. Reduction of alkenes
- 7.6. Oxidation of alkenes: Epoxidation
- 7.7. Oxidation of alkenes: Hydroxylation
- 7.12. Reactions of alkynes
Kap. 8 Aromatic Compounds
- 8.1. Naming aromatic compounds
- 8.2. Structure and stability of benzene
- 8.3. Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n+2 rule
- 8.4. Aromatic heterocycles
- 8.5. Polycyclic aromatic compounds
- 8.6. Reactions of aromatic compounds: Electrophilic substitution
- 8.7. Alkylation and acylation of aromatic rings
- 8.8. Substituent effects in electrophilic substitutions
- 8.9. Oxidation and reduction of aromatic compounds
- 8.10. An introduction to organic synthesis: Polysubstituted benzenes
Kap. 9 Stereochemistry
- 9.1. Enantiomers and the tetrahedral carbon
- 9.2. The reason for handedness in molecules: Chirality
- 9.3. Optical activity
- 9.4. Pasteur's discovery of enantiomers
- 9.5. Sequence rules for specifying configuration
- 9.6. Diastereomers
- 9.7. Meso compounds
- 9.8. Racemates and the resolution of enantiomers
- 9.9. A brief review of isomerism
- 9.10. Stereochemistry of reactions: Addition of H2O to an achiral alkene
- 9.11. Stereochemistry of reactions: Addition of H2O to a chiral alkene
- 9.12. Chirality at nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
- 9.13. Prochirality
- 9.14. Chirality in nature
Kap. 10 Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations
- 10.1. Naming alkyl halides
- 10.2. Preparing alkyl halides
- 10.3. Reactions of alkyl halides: Grignard reagents
- 10.4. Discovery of the nucleophilic substitution reaction
- 10.5. The SN2 reaction
- 10.6. Characteristics of the SN2 reaction
- 10.7. The SN1 reaction
- 10.8. Characteristics of the SN1 reaction
- 10.10. Elimination reactions: Zaitzev's rule
- 10.11. The E2 reaction
- 10.12. The E1 and E1cB reactions
- 10.14. A summary of reactivity: SN1, SN2, E1, E1cB, and E2
Kap. 13 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols; Ethers and Sulfides
- 13.1. Naming alcohols, phenols, and thiols
- 13.2. Properties of alcohols, phenols, and thiols
- 13.3. Preparation of alcohols from carbonyl compounds
- 13.4. Alcohols from reduction of carbonyl compounds
- 13.5. Oxidation of alcohols and phenols
- 13.6. Preparation and reactions of thiols
- 13.7. Ethers and sulfides
- 13.8. Preparation of ethers
- 13.9. Reactions of ethers
- 13.10. Preparation and reactions of sulfides
Kap. 14 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- 14.1. Naming aldehydes and ketones
- 14.2. Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
- 14.3. Oxidation of aldehydes
- 14.4. Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones
- 14.5. Nucleophilic addition of H2O: Hydration
- 14.6. Nucleophilic addition of Grignard and hydride reagents: Alcohol formation
- 14.7. Nucleophilic addition of amines: Imine and enamine formation
- 14.8. Nucleophilic addition of alcohols: Acetal formation
- 14.9. Nucleophilic addition of phosphorus ylides: The Wittig reaction
- 14.11. Conjugate nucleophilic addition to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones
Kap. 15 Carbocylic Acids and Nitriles
- 15.1. Naming carboxylic acids and nitriles
- 15.2. Structure and properties of carboxylic acids
- 15.3. Biological acids and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- 15.4. Substituent effects on acidity
- 15.5. Preparation of carboxylic acids
- 15.6. Reactions of carboxylic acids: An overview
- 15.7. Chemistry of nitriles
Kap. 16 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
- 16.1. Naming carboxylic acid derivatives
- 16.2. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions
- 16.3. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acids
- 16.4. Chemistry of acid halides
- 16.5. Chemistry of acid anhydrides
- 16.6. Chemistry of esters
- 16.7. Chemistry of amides
- 16.9. Polyamides and polyesters: Step-growth polymers
Kap. 18 Amines and Heterocycles
- 18.1 Naming amines
- 18.2 Properties of amines
- 18.3 Basicity of amines
- 18.4 Basicity of substituted arylamines
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