Syllabus/achievement requirements

These books are available at Akademika, the rest of the literature are printed in compendiums which can be bought at Kopiutsalget.

Keith Faulks (2000): Citizenship. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19634-5

George E. Marcus & Russel L. Hanson, eds. (1993): Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00927-6

Pensum

Barbalet, J.M. 1988. Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. (chap. 1) 14p.

Barber, Benjamin R. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press. (chap. 9, pp. 213-244) 31p.

Barnum, David G. & Sullivan, John L. 1989. "Attitudinal Tolerance and Political Freedom in Britain" British Journal of Political Science 19:136-146. 10p.

Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F. & McPhee, William N. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (chap. 14, pp. 305-323) 18p.

Carens, Joseph H. 1986. "Rights and Duties in an Eqalitarian Society" Political Theory 14:31-49. 18p.

Coleman, James A. 1990. "Social Capital", chap. 12, pp. 300-321 in Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press 21p.

Conover, Pamela Johnson, Leonard, Stephen T., & Searing, Donald D. 1993. "Duty Is a Four-Letter Word: Democratic Citizenship in the Liberal Polity", pp. 147-171 in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press. 24p.

Dahrendorf, Ralf. 1974. "Citizenship and Beyond: The Social Dynamics of an Idea" Social Research 41:673-701. 28p.

Eriksen, Erik & Weig?rd, Jarle. 2000. "The End of Citizenship: New Roles Callenging the Political Order", pp. 13-34 in McKinnon, Catriona & Hampsher-Monk, Iain, eds., The Demands of Citizenship. London: Continuum. 21p.

Farr, James. 1993. "Framing Democratic Discussion", pp. 379-391 in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press. 12p.

Faulks, Keith. 2000. Citizenship. London: Routledge. (chaps. 1-3, 6 & 7) 122p.

Galston, William A. 1991. Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues and Diversity in the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chap. 13, pp. 290-304) 14p.

Hanson, Russell L. 1993. "Deliberation, Tolerance, and Democracy", pp. 273-286 in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press. 13p.

Heater, Derek. 2004. "Conclusion", pp. 140-145 in A Brief History of Citizenship. Glasgow: Edinburgh University Press. 6p.

Hernes, Helga M. 1988. "Scandinavian Citizenship" Acta Sociologica 31:199-215. 16p.

Jackman, Robert W. & Miller, Ross A. 1998. "Social Capital and Politics" Annual Review of Political Science 1:47-73 26p.

Janowitz, Morris. 1980. "Observations on the Sociology of Citizenship: Obligations and Rights" Social Forces 59:1-24. 24p.

Kaase, Max. 1990. "Mass Participation", pp. 23-64 in Kent Jennings & J.W. van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientation in Three Western Democracies. New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 41p.

Kinder, Donald R. & Herzog, Don. 1993. "Democratic Discussion", pp. 347-377 in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press. 30p.

King, Desmond & Waldron, Jeremy. 1988. "Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defense of Welfare Provision" British Journal of Political Science 18:415-443. 28p.

Kymlicka, Will. 1998. "Multicultural Citizenship", pp. 167-188 in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 20p.

Lasch, Christopher. 1988. "The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism", pp. 173-184 in Charles H. Reynolds & Ralph V. Norman, eds., Community in America: The Challenge of Habits of the Heart. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11p.

Mann, Michael. 1987. "Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship" Sociology 21:339-354. 15p.

Neal, Patrick & Paris, David. 1990. "Liberalism and the Communitarian Critique: A Guide for the Perplexed" Canadian Journal of Political Science 23:421-439. 18p.

Page, Benjamin I., & Shapiro, Robert Y. 1993. "The Rational Public and Democracy", pp. 35-64 in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press. 29p.

Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1-21) 21p.

Pettersen, Per Arnt. 1989. "Comparing Non-Voters in the USA and Norway" European Journal of Political Research 17:351-359. 8p.

Putnam, Robert D. 1995. "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America" PS: Political Science & Politics 28:664-683. 19p.

Rose, Lawrence E. 1999. "Citizen (Re)orientations in the Welfare State: From Public to Private Citizens?", in Jet Bussemaker, ed., Citizenship and Transition in European Welfare States. London: Routledge. 18p.

Rothstein, Bo & Uslaner, Eric M. 2005. "All for All: Equality, Corruption and Social Trust" World Politics 58:41-72. 31 p.

Skinner, Quentin. 1973. "The Empirical Theorists and their Critics: A Plague on Both Their Houses" Political Theory 1:287-306. 19p.

Sniderman, Paul M. 1993. "The New Look in Public Opinion Research", pp. 219-245 in Ada Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline, II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association. 26p.

Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James E. & Marcus, George E. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (chaps. 1, 2 & 9) 69p.

Taylor, Charles. 1989. "Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate", pp. 159-182 in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed., Liberalism and the Moral Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 23p.

Thigpen, Robert B. & Downing, Lyle A. 1987. "Liberalism and the Communitarian Critique" American Journal of Political Science 31:637-655. 18p.

Thompson, Dennis F. 1970. The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 10-29 & 181-188). 26p.

Togeby, Lise. 1993. "Grass Roots Participation in the Nordic Countries" European Journal of Political Research 24:159-175. 16p.

van Deth, J.W. 1990. "Interest in Politics" pp. 275-312 in Kent Jennings & J.W. van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientation in Three Western Democracies. New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 37p.

Walzer, Michael. 1990. "The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism" Political Theory 18:6-23. 17p.

Yack, Bernard. 1988. "Liberalism and Its Communitarian Critics: Does Liberal Practice 'Live Down' to Liberal Theory?", pp. 147-169 in C.H. Reynolds & R.V. Norman, eds., Community in America: The Challenge of Habits of the Heart. Berkeley: University of California Press. 22p.

Sum pensum 980p.

Recommended:

Anderson, Charles. 1990. Pragmatic Liberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Arkes, Hadley. 1993. “Can Emotion Supply the Place of Reason? Comments on the Chapters on Passion and Tolerance”, in George E. Marcus & Russell L. Hardin, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public. University Park, PA.: Penn State Press.

Bachrach, Peter. 1967. The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston: Little, Brown.

Barbalet, J.M. 1988. Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Barber, Benjamin R. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press. (especially chaps. 1 & 6)

Barnes, Samuel H. & Kaase, Max, eds. 1979. Political Action: Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Bellah, Robert, Madsen, Richard, Sullivan, William M., Swidler, Ann & Tipton, Seven M. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bennett, Stephen & Bennett, Linda. 1986. “Political Participation”, in Samuel L. Long, ed., Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 1. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.

Caney, Simon. 1992. “Liberalism and Communitarianism: A Misconceived Debate” Political Studies 40:273-298.

Carens, Joseph H. 1989. “Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic Societies”, in William Rogers Brubaker, ed., Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Clarke, Paul Barry. 1994. Citizenship: A Reader. London: Pluto Press.

Cohen, Joshua. 1989. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy”, in Alan Hamlin & Phillip Pettit, eds., The Good Polity. Oxford: Blackwell.

Conover, Pamela Johnson, Crewe, Ivor M., & Searing, Donald D. 1991. “The Nature of Citizenship in the United States and Great Britain: Empirical Comments on Theoretical Themes” Journal of Politics 53:800-832.

Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics”, in David E. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press.

Costa, Pietro. 2004. “From National to European Citizenship: A Historical Comparison”, in Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Emilio Santoro, eds., Lineages of European Citizenship. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Crick, Bernard. 1971. “Toleration and Tolerance in Theory and Practice” Government and Opposition 6:144-171.

Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dahl, Robert A. 1982. Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dalton, Russell J. & Wattenberg, Martin P. 1993. “The Not So Simple Act of Voting”, in Ada W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline, II. Washington, D.C.: The American Political Science Association.

Delli Carpini, Michael & Keeter, Scott. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dower, Nigel & Williams, John, eds. 2002. Global Citizenship: A Critical Reader. Glasgow: Edinburgh University Press.

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.

Dryzek, John S. 1991. Discursive Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Duncan, G. & Lukes, S. 1963. “The New Democracy” Political Studies 11:156-177.

Dworkin, Ronald. 1977. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ferejohn, John A. & Fiorina, Morris P. 1974. “The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis” American Political Science Review 68:525-536.

Fraser, Nancy & Gordon, Linda. 1998 “Contract versus Charity: Why Is There No Social Citizenship in the United States?”, in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Galston, William A. 1982. “Defending Liberalism” American Political Science Review 76: 621-629.

Gibson, James L. 1989. “The Structure of Attitudinal Tolerance in the United States” British Journal of Political Science 19:562-570.

Glendon, Mary Ann. 1991. Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. New York: Free Press.

Grofman, Bernard, ed. 1993. Information, Participation, and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Gutmann, Amy. 1980. Liberal Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.

Gutmann, Amy. 1985. “Communitarian Critiques of Liberalism” Philosophy and Public Affairs 14:308-322.

Hampsher-Monk, Iain. 1983. “The Historical Study of 'Democracy'“, in Graeme Duncan, ed., Democratic Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hanson, Russell L. 1989. “Democracy”, in Terence Ball, James Farr & Russell L. Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Heater, Derek. 1990. Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education. New York: Longman.

Heater, Derek. 1991. “Citizenship: A Remarkable Case of Sudden Interest” Parliamentary Affairs 44:140-156.

Heater, Derek. 2004. A Brief History of Citizenship. Glasgow: Edinburgh University Press.

Hindess, Barry. 1993. “Citizenship in the Modern West”, in Bryan S. Turner, ed., Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications.

Horton, John. 1992. Political Obligation. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc.

Janoski, Thomas. 1998. Citizenship and Civil Society: A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional, and Social Democratic Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Joseph, Lawrence B. 1981. “Democratic Revisionism Revisited” American Journal of Political Science 25:160-187.

Kateb, George. 1989. “Democratic Individuality and the Meaning of Rights”, in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed. Liberalism and the Moral Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Klosko, George. 1991. The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Kymlicka, William. 1989. Liberalism, Community and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

La Due Lake, Ronald & Huckfeldt, Robert. 1998. “Social Capital, Social Networks, and Political Participation” Political Psychology 19:567-584.

Lafferty, William. 1981. Participation and Democracy in Norway: 'The Distant Democracy' Revisited. Oslo: Oslo University Press.

Latham, Earl. 1952. The Group Basis of Politics. New York: Octagon Books.

Lawson, Roger. 1993. “'Social Citizenship,' Work, and Social Solidarity: Historical Comparisons Between Britain and Sweden”, in William Julius Wilson, ed., Sociology and the Public Agenda. London: Sage Publications. American Sociological Association Presidential Series.

Leca, Jean. 1992. “Questions on Citizenship”, in Chantal Mouffe, ed. Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community. London: Verso.

Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Macedo, Stephen. 1990. Liberal Virtues: Citizenship, Virtue and Community in Liberal Constitutionalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Marshall, T.H. 1964. Class, Citizenship and Social Development: Essays. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc., Anchor Books. See also excerpt in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Martinussen, Willy. 1977. The Distant Democracy: Social Inequality, Political Resources and Political Influence in Norway. London: John Wiley & Sons.

McClosky, Herbert & Brill, Alida, eds. 1983. Dimensions of Tolerance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

McClure, Kirsti M. 1990. “Difference, Diversity, and the Limits of Toleration” Political Theory 18:361-391.

McKinnon, Catriona. 2000. “Civil Citizens”, in Catriona McKinnon & Iain Hampsher-Monk, eds., The Demands of Citizenship. London: Continuum.

Mead, Lawrence M. 1986. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Free Press.

Milner, Henry. 2002. Civic Literacy: How Informed Citizens Make Democracy Work. Hanover, NH: Tufts University Press.

Moon, J. Donald. 1993. Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Morris-Jones, W.H. 1954. “In Defence of Apathy: Some Doubts on the Duty to Vote” Political Studies 2:33-37.

Mulhall, Stephen & Swift, Adam. 1992. Liberals and Communitarians. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Neumann, W. Russell. 1986. The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Newton, Kenneth. 1999. “Social Capital and Democracy in Modern Europe”, in van Deth, Jan W. et al., eds., Social Capital and European Democracy. London: Routhledge.

Nisbet, Robert. 1974. “Citizenship: Two Traditions” Social Research 41:612-637.

Oldfield, Adrian. 1990. Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World. London: Routledge. See also excerpt in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Okin, Susan Moller. 1989. “Humanist Liberalism”, in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed. Liberalism and the Moral Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Page, Benjamin I. & Shapiro, Robert Y. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pocock, J.G.A. 1998 “The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times”, in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Prothro, James W. & Grigg, Charles M. 1960. “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement” Journal of Politics 22:276-294.

Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rawls, John. 1998. “Justice as Fairness in the Liberal Polity”, in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Riesenberg, Peter. 1992. Citizenship in the Western Tradition: Plato to Rousseau. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Riker, William H. & Ordeshook, Peter C. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting” American Political Science Review 62:25-42.

Roche, Maurice. 1992. Rethinking Citizenship: Welfare, Ideology and Change in Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

Rose, Lawrence E. & Waldahl, Ragnar. 1982. “The Distribution of Political Participation in Norway: Alternative Perspectives on a Problem of Democratic Theory” Scandinavian Political Studies 5:285-314.

Rosenau, James N. 1974. Citizenship Between Elections: An Inquiry into the Mobilizable American. New York: Free Press.

Rothstein, Bo & Stolle, Dietlind. 2003. “Introduction: Social Capital in Scandinavia” Scandinavian Political Studies 26:1-26.

Sandel, Michael J. 1982. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sandel, Michael J. 1984. “The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self” Political Theory 12: 81-96.

Sartori, Giovani. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. 2 vols. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.

Schattschneider, E.E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realists View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper.

Schwarzmantel, John. 2003. Citizenship and Identity: Towards a New Republic. London: Routledge.

Selle, Per. 1999. “The Transformation of the Voluntary Sector in Norway: A Decline of Social Capital?”, in van Deth, Jan W. et al., eds., Social Capital and European Democracy. London: Routhledge.

Shafir, Gershon. 1998. “Introduction: The Evolving Tradition of Citizenship” in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Sniderman, Paul M., Brody, Richard A. & Tetlock, Philip E. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 1998. “Toward a Postnational Model of Membership” in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Stouffer, Samuel A. 1955. Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties. New York: Doubleday.

Teixeira, Ruy A. 1992. The Disappearing American Voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

Teorell, Jan. 2003. “Linking Social Capital to Political Participation: Voluntary Associations and Networks of Recuitment in Sweden” Scandinavian Political Studies 26:49-66.

Thompson, Dennis F. 1970. The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Torpe, Lars. 2003. “Social Capital in Denmark: A Deviant Case?” Scandinavian Political Studies 26:27-48.

Turner, Bryon S. 1993. “Contemporary Problems in the Theory of Citizenship” in Bryan S. Turner, ed., Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications.

Tyler, Tom R. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Uslaner, Eric M. & Dekker, Paul. 2001. “The ‘Social’ in Social Capital”, in Paul Dekker & Eric M. Uslaner, eds., Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.

Verba, Sidney, Nie, Norman H. & Kim, Jae-on. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walker, Jack L. 1966. “A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy” American Political Science Review 60:285-295.

Walzer, Michael. 1970. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War and Citizenship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Walzer, Michael. 1984. “Liberalism and the Art of Separation” Political Theory 12:315-330.

Walzer, Michael. 1989. “Citizenship”, in Terence Ball, James Farr & Russell L. Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walzer, Michael. 1998. “The Civil Society Argument”, in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Weiss, Janet. 1993. “Policy Design for Democracy: A Look at Public Information Campaigns”, in Helen Ingram & Steven R. Smith, eds. Public Policy for Democracy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Weissberg, Robert. 1998. Political Tolerance: Balancing Community and Diversity. London: Sage Publications.

Whiteley, Paul F. 1999. “The Origins of Social Capital”, in van Deth, Jan W. et al., eds., Social Capital and European Democracy. London: Routhledge.

Wolleb?k, Dag & Selle, Per. 2003. “Participation and Social Capital Formation: Norway in a Comparative Perspective” Scandinavian Political Studies 26:67-91.

Young, Iris Marion. 1998. “Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship”, in Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates: A Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

NB: Other recommended readings are available upon request from the course instructors.

Published Apr. 9, 2010 10:12 AM - Last modified June 30, 2010 7:29 PM